Blue nevus was first desfined as a derived form of melanoma. It is a dark blue - black nevus covered by smooth skin and with minimal or without melanin pigmentation. Amelanotic cellular blue nevus is a cellular blue nevus. Blue nevi can become cancerous when triggered by over exposure to UV rays. Same as other colored moles, these moles should be kept away from being exposed to sunrays. The sun may damage the skin and would turn into melanoma. Blue nevi are solitary papules 2 mm to 1 cm in diameter or, less mainly, plaques, with a bluish color.

Blue nevi are somewhat similar to the Mongolian patch, seen over the sacrum of Asian or African-American children. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a ocassional ailment characterized by hemangiomas of the skin and gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Dysplastic nevi are most common on the trunk. Patients may have one or dozens of dysplastic nevi at the same time. They sometimes occur on sun-protected areas such as buttocks, breasts, and scalp. They usually tend to be larger than common nevi, often greater than 5 mm in diameter.

Blue nevi are most regularly noticed in Asian populations, where the prevalence is estimated to be 3-5% in adults. They are found in 1-2% of white adults and are rarely found in blacks. Blue nevi are uncommon during birth or in the first few years of life, with an estimated usualness of less than 1 case per 1000 population. Both common and cellular blue nevi are not related with chromosomal aberrations, and they show fewer B-RAF mutations compared with congenital and acquired nevi.

Causes of Blue Nevi

Common causes of Blue Nevi :

• Cold weather.
• Melanoma.
• Moles.
• Aging.
• Bulging veins.
• UV radiation trigger.
• Raynaud’s phenomenon.
• Weakened Immune System.
• Sunburns.
• Xeroderma Pigmentosum.

Symptoms of Blue Nevi

Common Symptoms of Blue Nevi :

• Itches.
• Burning sensation.
• Surrounded by redness.
• Pain.
• Lesion.
• It is dry, rough to the touch and sensitive.
• Notched or fading borders.

Treatment of Blue Nevi

Common Treatment of Blue Nevi :

• Pulsed Q-switched laser surgery is a very effective therapy for nevi of Ota and Ito, and it works via selective photothermal and photomechanical destruction of dermal melanocytes and melanophages.
• Cryotherapy is also very effective in the eradication of damaged part of the skin.
• Dermabrasion can be used as alone or combined with other modalities, such as carbon dioxide snow, autologous epithelial grafting.
• Dysplastic moles can also be removed by microscopic evaluation .
• Use a good sunscreen lotion of minimum SPF-15 and wear a broad-brimmed hat when outdoors.
• Destroying the abnormal cells is normally done by freezing the skin with liquid nitrogen.

Blackhead medically name is open comedo. Blackhead is a kind of acne. Blackheads is a skin condition which causes spots. Most people affected by acne are aged between 12 and 25. Allthough, men and women of 30 to 40 can also suffer. Blackheads affects people of all skin types. The processes wshich results in acne are exactly the same in people with black or brown skin but the impact is different by the skin pigmentation. It is caused by excess oils that accumulates in the sebaceous gland ’s duct. Blackheads are basically caused by heavy oil and makeup, that may facilitate the multiplication of the bacterium propionibacterium acnes , the predominant anaerobe of the normal skin flora. The substance found in these formings consists of keratin and modified sebum (an oily secretion of the sebaceous gland ), that darkens (resembling dirt) as it oxidizes.

Two Types of Acne - Primery is Blackheads and secondry whiteheads also known is comedones. It can be in large when on the face and shoulders than red bumps filled with pus. Good consistent skin hygiene may improve this. Blackheads is a clutter of the pilosebaceous unit , made up of a hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and a hair. These units everywhere on the body apart from palms, soles, top of the feet, and the lower lip. The number of pilosebaceous units are mainly on face, upper neck, and chest. Sebaceous glands produce a substance named sebum. It is responsible for keeping the skin and hair moisturized. In adolescence, its production increases because of the influence of hormones.

Causes of Blackheads

The cause of blackhead you can easily deal with it. All is to do is stop the formation of congesting toxins miced up with skin oil and sebum that builds up in sebum channels. Applying anything will not help as blackhead is an internal problem. Common causes of Blackheads :

• Overactivity of the sebaceous glands.
• Testosterone.
• Propionibacterium.
• Cysts.

Treatment of Blackheads

Common Treatment of Blackheads :

• Keep spot-prone areas clean.
• Wash the affected area twice a day with an unperfumed cleanser.
• Avoid aggressive washing with strong soaps.
• Antibiotic with other acne medication are available (eg Benzamycin which combines an antibiotic with benzoyl peroxide).
• Oral antibiotics (tablets), such as tetracycline are prescribed for inflammatory acne.
• Some types of oral contraceptive tablets help women that faces acne. Combining usual pill hormone called ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate (eg Dianette) suppresses male hormone activity so is often effect women with acne.

Another name for Benign keratoses is seborrheic keratoses. Seborrheic Keratoses (SK) is a skin lesion, whch is most common on sun-exposed areas in older prople. Some patients may have dozens of them, mainly on face, neck and trunk. They have no diseased potential. As they are very superficial lesions, they can be seperated by a variety of methods with little or no scarring. Seborrheic keratosis is a fair type of skin tumor. It commonly visible after age 40. They normally appear on the back or chest and are also common on the scalp, face, arms, and legs.

Seborrheic keratoses builds slowly, in groups or singly. Many people form at least one seborrheic keratosis in their lifetime. The tumors appear as wart-like formations in a different colors. They can appear in numbers on the surface of the body. They are painless and benign, but may creates irritation and itchness. They may be cosmetically disfiguring and psychologically distressing as a consequence.

The most common causes of benign keratosis is Sun exposure. They are increasingly normal in the later decades of life. Children rarely have these skin growths. Seborrheic keratoses mainly affect people older than 30. They developed in some woman during pregnancy or after taking estrogen. Commonly, SKs have sharp borders, a tan-brown-black color, a “glued-on” look, and can be crusty, warty, or sometimes smooth. Occasionally, the surface may decay, mainly when they are picked, they may ooze and bleed. Irritated or irregularly shaped SKs can be inacurate for skin cancer or melanoma.

Causes of Benign Keratosis

Common causes of Benign Keratosis

• Sun exposure.

Treatment of Benign Keratosis

Common Treatment of Benign Keratosis

• Cryosurgery is liquid nitrogen, a very cold liquid gas, which is applied to the growth to “freeze” it. A lesion may form under the growth which dries into a scab-like crust. The keratosis mainly drops off within few weeks.
• Electrosurgery — the growth is anesthetized (numbed) and an electric current is used to burn the growth.
• Avoid deliberate tanning.
• Wear long sleeves, pants, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses that protect against both UVA and UVB rays.
• Use extra caution near water, snow, and sand.
• Injection and spray is used to anesthetize (numb) the area before the growth is curetted.

Athlete’s foot is a skin infection. The situation easily spreads in public places such as communal showers and swimming pools. It is a caused by a fungus and usually occurring between the toes. The fungus can be spread from person to person by touch with these sources. Without correct growing conditions (a warm, moist environment), the fungus cannot affect the skin. Up to 70% of the population will have athletes foot at some time throughout their lives. Athlete foot is also known as tinea pedis. Tinea is a type of fungus, and “pedis” is the Latin word for “foot.” The fungus usually attacks the feet as shoes hatches a warm, dark, and humid environment that enhances fungus growth. When the skin is harmed by the fungus, bacteria can also invade it. These bacteria can cause a bad smell.

Athlete’s foot can expand to the soles of the feet and toenails. It may affets other parts of the body, mainly the groin and underarms, from where who scratch the infection and then contact themselves at other place. The organisms causing athlete’s foot may insists for long time. Athlete’s foot should never be neglected–it can be easily treated, but it also can be very resistant to treatment. Accordingly, the infection can extend by contaminated bed sheets or clothing to other parts of the body.

Causes of Athlete’s Foot

Common causes of Athletes Foot :

• Dermatophytes.
• Ringworm fungus.

Symptoms of Athlete’s Foot

Common Symptoms of Athletes Foot :

• Dry skin.
• Itching.
• Scaling.
• Inflammation.
• Blisters.
• Chronic.
• Leg swelling.
• Cracking.
• Pain.
• Bleeding.

Treatment of Athlete’s Foot

Common Treatment of Athletes Foot :

• Medicated powders (such as with miconazole ,tolnaftate and clotrimazole), can keep feet dry.
• Wear socks that keep feet dry, and change them frequently if you sweat heavily.
• Avoid walking barefoot; use shower shoes.
• Spray your shoes with a disinfectant and set them in out in the sun to kill germs.
• Keep home bathroom surfaces clean - especially showers and tubs.
• Wash feet every day.
• Change socks daily, and try to change shoes on different days, to allow the shoes to fully dry out.

Prevention Tips

• Always dry the feet, paying particular attention to the toe webs.
• After drying, apply anti fungal lotion and continue this with an anti fungal foot powder. Zeasorb AF is effective as it have no cornstarch, a substance which encourages fungal growth.
• Change socks and underwear every day, especially in warm weather.
• Avoid walking barefoot in public areas. Instead, wear “flip-flops,” sandals or water shoes.
• Don’t wear thick clothing for long periods in warm weather. It will make perspire more.
• Throw away worn-out exercise shoes.
• Wear waterproof sandals in public showers and pools.

Aphthous ulcers are a common and aching problem. Aphthous ulcers can be categorised into three variant types: minor, major and herpetiform. Minor aphthae are often spotted on labial or buccal mucosa, the soft palate and the floor of the mouth. Major aphthae are larger and comprises deeper ulceration. Aphtha means ulcer which has been used for many years to define parts of ulceration on mucous membranes. Major aphthae can also be more likely to hurt with healing. Herpetiform aphthae naturally are more in number and have vesicles in terms of morphology. Patients with favourable aphthous ulcers should have no other cramps such as fever, adenopathy, gastrointestinal symptoms or other skin or mucous-membrane symptoms.

Aphthous stomatitis is a condition which is characterized by recurrent discrete areas of ulcerationIt is starts in childhood or adolescence as recurrent small, round, or ovoid ulcers with circumscribed margins, erythematous haloes, and yellow or gray floors. Few lesions have also have mast-cell activation and degranulation. The primary disorder appears to be the result of activation of the cell-mediated immune system. Early lesions show a cluster of macrophages and lymphocytes (predominantly cytotoxic and natural-killer T cells) at the pre-ulcerative base, proceeds by deelopment of an ulcer having a neutrophilic base and an erythematous lymphocytic ring.

Causes of Aphthous Ulcers

Common causes of Aphthous Ulcers

• Hematinic ( iron, folic acid and vitamin B-12) deficiencies.
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Trauma.
• Genetic predisposition(human leukocyte antigen).
• Aphthouslike ulceration .
• Psychological illness and sex hormone levels.

Symptoms of Aphthous Ulcers

Common Symptoms of Aphthous Ulcers

• Fever..
• Genital or conjunctival lesions..
• Headache.
• Cough.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Abdominal pain.
• Diarrhea.
• Sore throat.
• Swollen or painful lymphadenopathy.
• Rash.

Treatment of Aphthous Ulcers

Common Treatment of Aphthous Ulcers

• Early data shows treatment at onset may reduce symptoms or eradicate ulcer development. Initial studies of the use of 5% amlexanox paste at the onset of burning or pricking mucosal sensation 1-2 days before the ulcer appears can drains the pain.
• Thalidomide has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis and in Behçet syndrome.
• Local injectable anesthetics are necessary in patients with more severe pain. Injectable anesthetics are effective, but relief is brief.
• High-potency corticosteroid gels, creams, or ointments (with or without adhesive bases) have proven effective in raising healing and shortening the clinical course of RAU.

Amebiasis is an ailment caused by a one-celled parasite named Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba histolytica is an ameba, a type of single-celled animal that propagate by simple division and occupies around in the intestine, scavenging for small morsels of food and bacteria. Trophozoites generally lives in the large intestine without causing any evidence at all, but every now and then they invade the lining of the large intestine, causing intestinal disease (called intestinal amebiasis ).

Amebiasis occurs most commonly in areas where living conditions are crowded, with insufficient sanitation. A microscopic one-celled parasite. The parasite procreates cysts that are proceeds in the stool of infected persons. The cysts can survive in the environment in water and food and on surfaces and objects. Amebiasis is the third chief parasitic reason of death worldwide, exceed only by malaria and schistosomiasis. On a global basis, amebiasis influences nearly 50 million persons each year, resulting in nearly 100,000 deaths

The mild contour of amebiasis includes nausea, loose stools, weight loss, abdominal tenderness and occasional fever. The symptoms normally are quite mild and can comprise loose stools, stomach pain, and stomach cramping. Amebic dysentery is a harsh form of amebiasis related with stomach pain, bloody stools, and fever. E. histolytica raids the liver and forms an pus. Even less commonly, it spreads to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain.

Causes of Amebiasis

Common causes of Amebiasis

• Protozoon( E histolytica)

Symptoms of Amebiasis

Common Symptoms of Amebiasis

• Cramps.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Diarrhea.
• Stomach pain.
• Weight loss.
• Abdominal tenderness.

Treatment of Amebiasis

Common Treatment of Amebiasis

• Asymptomatic intestinal infection can be treated with iodoquinol, paromomycin, or diloxanide furoate.
• Recommended drugs in curing symptomatic intestinal disease and for hepatic abscess are metronidazole and tinidazole. Since these drugs can not eradicate the intraluminal cysts, instantly follow this therapy with treatment with iodoquinol, paromomycin, or diloxanide furoate.
• Toxic megacolon may occur and requires total colectomy.
• Surgical decompression may be necessary for amebic brain abscess.
• Rupture of amebic liver abscess into the pericardium may require surgical drainage.
• Conservatively manage intestinal perforation due to amebiasis.
• Drink only bottled or boiled (for 1 minute) water or carbonatized drinks in cans or bottles.

Actinic Keratosis is more habitual to fair-skinned people that are generally exposed to sun, as their pigment is not very preventive. It usually is conducted by solar damage. Since some of these pre-cancers futhers to squamous cell carcinoma. People who made visible their skin to sun normally, mainly without wearing sunscreen, are more probably to ripen actinic keratoses. They are also much general in people having red hair and freckles. AKs used to be more visible in the elderly, they are now seen more often in younger people resulting to changes in the environmental conditions and lifestyles. Actinic keratoses are ingenerated by recurent and prolonged exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays. Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causes the cells on the surface of the skin to suffer mutations that can cause abnormalities in certain genes. One particular gene which is affected is TP53, a gene that curtail tumors. Actinic keratosis site chiefly ranges between 2 to 6 millimeters, somtimes may be dark or light, tan, pink, red, a combination of all these, or the same pigment of one’s skin.

Patients may mature multiple lesions within a single anatomic area to the extent that the lesions collide and produce confluent AK over a relatively large area. Variants may be broeratosewn (pigmented AK), lichen planus–like, or have exaggerated hyperkeratosis, producing a hornlike projection above the skin surface known as a cutaneous horn. Although rarely seen today, arsenical ks usually occur on patients who were at some time in their live exposed to arsenic, either contained in medication or from an industrial or environmental source. These piles normally on the palms, soles, and inner surfaces of the finger and toes, and then grows and thicken, sometimes increasing in number.

Causes of Actinic Keratosis

Common causes of Actinic Keratosis

• Light complexions.
• Sun exposure( Ultraviolet B)
• Squamous cell carcinoma.
• Abnormalities in certain genes.
• Chemotherapy.
• Chronic leukemia.

Symptoms of Actinic Keratosis

Common Symptoms of Actinic Keratosis

• Dry textured skin lesion.
• Macule or patch and growth on the skin.
• Have a rough texture.
• Itch, burn, or sting.
• Lesions on your skin.

Treatment of Actinic Keratosis

The therapy for actinic keratoses expects upon the number and size of the lesions. An actinic keratosis is generally dealt by liquid-nitrogen cryotherapy. In this therapy, the treatment selectively tears down actinic keratoses, causing little damage to surrounding normal skin, although some lump sometimes occurs. The excision of actinic keratoses is occasionally a useful and definitive treatment in selected lesions. Common Treatment of Actinic Keratosis

• Cryosurgery
• Photodynamic therapy is involves injecting a chemical into the bloodstream.
• Electrocautery is burning off AKs.
• Useful treatment is the application of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).  The medication is applied on the keratoses for three to six weeks.  5-FU destroys sun-damaged skin cells.